Trump has cited the case to justify imposing steep 50% tariffs on various Brazilian products, sanctioned the Supreme Court Justice overseeing the trial, Alexandre de Moraes, and revoked visas of several court members.

In his opening statement, Justice Moraes accused a “criminal organisation” of trying to pressure the court under the influence of a foreign government but emphasised that national sovereignty remains inviolable.

Bolsonaro’s son, Congressman Eduardo Bolsonaro, relocated to the U.S. earlier this year to advocate for his father and has taken credit for Trump’s retaliatory actions. Both are currently under investigation for allegedly inviting foreign interference.

Bolsonaro has maintained his innocence throughout, though he expressed doubt about being acquitted by the court. Recently, Moraes increased security measures around Bolsonaro’s residence amid concerns he might attempt to flee, following reports suggesting he considered seeking asylum abroad—claims his legal team denies.

Justice Moraes has become a focal point in the clash between Bolsonaro’s critics, who see him as defending Brazil’s democracy, and Bolsonaro’s supporters, who view him as politically biased.

The trial, streamed live to millions, represents a pivotal moment in a highly polarised political landscape. It stems from an extensive investigation into the violent 2023 attack on Brazil’s key government buildings by Bolsonaro supporters protesting his election loss.

The final phase of the trial may also trigger new protests. Supporters have recently gathered in front of Bolsonaro’s home, with more demonstrations planned.

This case, involving Bolsonaro and several military figures, could mark a historic moment for Brazil, a country that has yet to hold its armed forces accountable for their role in a decades-long authoritarian regime.

If convicted, Bolsonaro could face sentences totalling over 40 years, though Brazilian law often allows early release.

This leadership change comes as Brazil prepares for its presidential election next year and faces significant judicial rulings, including ongoing trials related to former President Jair Bolsonaro, who is accused of attempting to overturn the 2022 election results.

Fachin, 67, was appointed to the court in 2015 and is well-known for his role in the “Car Wash” corruption investigation, which led to the conviction of several prominent political figures. Moraes is currently overseeing Bolsonaro’s trial and previously led Brazil’s top electoral court, which barred Bolsonaro from holding public office until 2030 due to his actions during the 2022 election.

Recently, Moraes faced international criticism and sanctions for allegedly authorising arbitrary detentions and limiting freedom of expression, but he defended the judiciary’s independence and commitment to the constitution.

Fachin was elected unanimously by his fellow justices and will succeed Luis Roberto Barroso, following a tradition where the most senior justice who has not yet been chief justice takes on the role every two years.

In his remarks, Barroso praised Fachin’s moral and intellectual qualities, while Fachin expressed his dedication to promoting pluralism and dialogue within the court.

Both Fachin and Moraes will officially begin their new roles on September 29. Moraes has indicated that the court aims to conclude the trial involving Bolsonaro and others accused of attempting a coup before the end of this year.